ONENESS - on-line less used and less taught languages http://www.oneness.vu.lt/ee/
This course is created for those who want to start learning Estonian language.
The course aims at forming minimal communicative competence of the target language and at introducing Estonia and its culture.
Ava sisukord
1. Present Indicative
The present indicative is formed by adding the appropriate personal ending to the stem of the present indicative.
E.g. Ma elan Eestis. Sa elad Tartus. Ta elab linnas. Me elame Euroopas. Te elate maal. Nad elavad uues majas.
Negative forms have no personal endings.E.g. Ma (sa, ta, me, te, nad) ei ela Ameerikas.
2. Infinitive
Estonian has two forms of the infinitive: the -ma and -da infinitive.
The -ma infinitive is a basic verb form with the marker -ma. E.g. kirjuta/ma 'write', õppi/ma 'learn'
-da Infinitive
The -da infinitive is a basic verb form with the marker -da, -ta or -a. E.g. kirjuta/da, aida/ta 'help', käi/a 'go, walk'The -ta marker is used when the one-syllable verb stem ends with -s, e.g. pesta 'wash', tõusta 'rise'; -a marker occurs in1) gradational verbs with the one-syllable stem ending with -t or -d.tundma, tunda, tunnen 'feel' nutma, nutta, nutan 'cry'
2) verbs with stems containing a long vowel or diphthongviima, viia, viin 'take, bring' sööma, süüa, söön 'eat'tooma, tuua, toon 'bring'
3) two-syllable verbs with sound changes in the stem:olema, olla, olen tulema, tulla, tulenminema, minna, lähen panema, panna, panen 'put, place'surema, surra, suren 'die'
The use of the infinitive in the sentence is determined by the verb that is connected to the -ma or -da infinitive. (Usually in the simple sentence, the finite verb precedes the non-finite.)E.g. Ma armastan palju süüa ja magada. Ma sõidan Tartusse õppima. 'I love to eat and sleep a lot. I am going to study in Tartu.'
Verbs connected to the -ma and -da infinitive:-ma infinitive
Verbs expressing motion:
sõitma minema tulema
Ta sõidab Leedusse puhkama. 'He/She is going to have a vacation in Lithuania.'Kas läheme sinu poole õppima? 'Should we go to study at your place?'Nad tulid uut korterit vaatama. 'They came to look at the new appartement.'
Verbs expressing obligation:
pidama
Verbs expressing the beginning of the action:
Inga hakkab eesti keelt õppima. 'Inga is going to study Estonian'.
etc.
Other meanings:
õpetama õppimajääma
Ema õpetas lapse lugema. 'Mother taught her child to read.'Lapsed õpivad lugema. 'Children are learning to read.'Ta jääb siia elama. 'He / She will (stays to) live here.'
-da infinitive
Verbs expressing the wish (to do something):
tahtma paluma
Verbs expressing feelings:
meeldimaarmastama on raske
Emale meeldib aias töötada. 'Mother likes to work at the garden.'Me armastame reisida. 'We love to travel.'On raske eesti keelt õppida. 'It is difficult to learn Estonian'.
Verbs expressing possibility:
võimatohtima saamaoskama
Me võime aias istuda. 'We can sit in the garden'.Siin ei tohi suitsetada. 'It is forbidden to smoke here.'Pärnus saab hästi puhata. 'One can have a good vacation in Pärnu.'Ta ei oska seda lauset tõlkida. 'He/She can't (are not able to) translate this sentence.'
Verbs expressing necessity:
on vaja tuleb
Mul on vaja seda teksti lugeda. 'I need to read this text.'See tekst tuleb läbi lugeda. 'This text must be read.'
Verbs expressing intentions, plans:
püüdmakavatsema
Juhan püüab Ingat aidata. 'Juhan tries to help Inga.'Ma kavatsen sulle õhtul külla tulla. 'I intend to visit you in the evening.'